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Laws Restricting Face-Coverings and Religious Symbols

Posted By jean.meslier On 2021-03-15 @ 12:00 In | 1 Comment

Compiled by David Rand

Updated 2021-03-15

Summary

Bans on face-coverings

  • In public
    • Austria since 2017-10
    • Belgium since 2011-07-23
    • Bulgaria since 2016-09
    • Cameroon since 2015-07
    • Chad since 2015-06
    • China [Xinjiang] since 2017
    • Congo-Brazzaville since 2015
    • Denmark since 2018-08-01
    • Egypt since 2016
    • France since 2011-04-11
    • Italy [Some northern regions] since 1975
    • Morocco since 2017-01
    • Morocco since 2018
    • Niger [Diffa] since 2015
    • Sri Lanka since 2021-03-13
    • Switzerland since 2021-03-07
    • Switzerland [Canton of Saint-Gall] since 2018-09-23
    • Switzerland [Canton of Ticino] since 2016-07-01
  • In public services
    • Canada [Quebec] since 2019-06-16
    • Italy [Lombardy] since 2016-01-01
    • Malaysia since 1994
    • Netherlands since 2019-08-01
    • Tunisia since 2019-07-05
  • Worn by public servants while on duty
    • Algeria since 2018-10-18
    • Germany since 2017-04
    • Germany [Land of Bavaria] since 2017-02

Bans on religious symbols

  • Worn by public servants while on duty
    • France since 2007
    • Germany [Land of Berlin]
    • Germany [Land of Hesse]
    • Switzerland [Canton of Geneva] since 2019-02-10
  • Worn by public servants in positions of authority
    • Canada [Quebec] since 2019-06-16
  • In public schools
    • Belgium [Boussu] since 2019-10
    • Belgium [Bruxelles]
    • France since 2004
    • United States of America [Pennsylvania] since 1895
Country
[Region]		 Date Restrictions & Notes References
Algeria 2018
  • Ban on face coverings in public schools.
  • Decision by the Ministry of Education to enforce an existing rule (original date unknown).
Algeria 2018-10-18
  • Ban on face coverings worn by public servants while on duty.
  • Official ban on the full veil (niqab) in the workplace, published by the Direction
    Générale de la Fonction Publique (DGFP).
Austria 2017-05
[Effective: 2017-10]
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
  • Ban on the quran in public.
Austria 2018
[Effective: 2019-05]
  • Ban on hijabs in child-care centres.
  • Ban on hijabs in primary schools.
Belgium 2011-06-01
[Effective: 2011-07-23]
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
Belgium
[Boussu]		 2019-10
  • Ban on religious symbols in public schools.
  • The municipal council of Boussu (near Mons) has decided that, henceforth, any symbols
    of political, ideological or religious affiliation, including those worn as clothing,
    will be banned in schools.
Belgium
[Bruxelles]
  • Ban on religious symbols in public schools.
Belgium
[Ghent]		 2007
[Repealed: 2013-05-27]
  • Ban on religious symbols worn by public servants while on duty.
Belgium
  • Ban on religious symbols worn by judges, police, military and fire-fighters.
Bulgaria 2016-09
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
Cameroon 2015-07
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
  • The ban was adopted following suicide bombings by people wearing veils.
  • The ban is now active in five of the country’s provinces.
Canada
[Quebec]		 2017-10-18
[Repealed: 2018-12]
  • Ban on face coverings in public services.
  • Bill 62
  • The ban is extremely weak because of exceptions allowed by the law.
  • The ban (section 10 of Bill 62) has been temporarily suspended by Quebec Superior
    Court as of December 2017.
Canada
[Quebec]		 2019-06-16
  • Ban on religious symbols worn by public servants in positions of authority, including public school teachers.
  • Ban on face coverings in public services.
  • Bill 21
Chad 2015-06
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
China
[Xinjiang]		 2017
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
  • Ban on Islamic beards in public.
Congo-Brazzaville 2015
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
  • Congo-Brazzaville’s official name is Republic of the Congo, not to be confused with
    Congo-Kinshasa or the Democratic Republic of the Congo whose capital is Kinshasa.
Denmark 2008
  • Ban on religious symbols worn by judges in courtrooms.
Denmark 2018-05-31
[Effective: 2018-08-01]
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
Egypt 2016
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
  • Ban on face coverings worn by academic university personnel.
France 2004
  • Ban on religious symbols in public schools.
France 2007
  • Ban on religious symbols worn by public servants while on duty.
France 2010-10-11
[Effective: 2011-04-11]
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
  • France was the first European country to institute a nationalwide ban on the full
    veil in public.
France 2016
[Repealed: 2016-08-26]
  • Ban on the burkini in public.
  • The burkini ban was overthrown by France’s highest administrative court.
France 2019-05
[Repealed: 2019-06-13]
  • Ban on religious symbols worn by facilitators of extracurricular activities.
Germany 2017-04
  • Ban on face coverings worn by public servants while on duty.
Germany
[Land of Baden-Württemberg ]		 2020-07-21
  • Ban on face coverings in public schools.
  • The ban on face coverings now applies to school children. It already applied to teachers.
Germany
[Land of Bavaria]		 2017-02
  • Ban on face coverings worn by public servants while on duty.
Germany
[Land of Berlin]
  • Ban on religious symbols worn by public servants while on duty.
  • The ban applies in the Land of Berlin.
Germany
[Land of Hesse]
  • Ban on religious symbols worn by public servants while on duty.
  • The ban applies in the Land of Hesse in the centre-west of Germany.
  • This ban was clarified by the German Constitutional Court which ruled, on 2020-02-27,
    that trainees may not wear the Islamic veil during court sessions.
Germany
[Kiel University]		 2019-02-13
  • Ban on face coverings worn in university classrooms.
  • Kiel is the capital of the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein.
Iran 1936
[Repealed: 1979]
  • Ban on hijabs in public.
  • Ban on chadors in public.
  • Ban instituted by Pahlavi ruler Reza Shah.
Italy
[Some northern regions]		 1975
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
Italy
[Lombardy]		 2015-12
[Effective: 2016-01-01]
  • Ban on face coverings in public services.
  • Ban on the burkini in public.
Malaysia 1994
  • Ban on face coverings in public services.
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab_by_country#Malaysia
Morocco 2017-01
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
Morocco 2018
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
  • Ban on face coverings: manufacture and sale forbidden.
  • It is henceforth forbidden to manufacture, sell or wear the burqa, a traditional article
    of clothing worn by the Pashtun tribes of Afghanistan.
Netherlands 2018-06
[Effective: 2019-08-01]
  • Ban on face coverings in public services.
  • More precisely: Ban on wearing clothing that completely covers the face or only shows
    the eyes, in educational institutions, on public transport, in government institutions
    and hospitals.
Niger
[Diffa]		 2015
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
  • Diffa is a southern region of the country, bordering on a part of Nigeria where Boko
    Haram is active.
Russia
[Stavropol]		 2013-07
  • Ban on hijabs in public.
  • July, 2013 is the date that Russia’s Supreme Court upheld the ban.
Spain
[Barcelona and other parts of Catalonia]		 2010
[Repealed: 2013]
  • Ban on face coverings in public services.
  • The ban was adopted only in some parts of Catalonia.
  • The repeal occurred only in some parts of Catalonia and is maintained in others.
Sri Lanka 2021-03-13
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
  • Face-coverings were previously banned starting in April 2019 but that ban was later
    lifted.
Switzerland 2016-09
[Effective: 2021-03-07]
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
  • Approved by referendum, March 7th 2021.
Switzerland
[Canton of Geneva]		 2019-02-10
  • Ban on religious symbols worn by public servants while on duty.
  • In November 2019, the ban on religious symbols in parliaments was repealed.
Switzerland
[Canton of Saint-Gall]		 2018-09-23
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
Switzerland
[Canton of Ticino]		 2013-09
[Effective: 2016-07-01]
  • Ban on face coverings in public.
Tunisia 1987-08-12
  • Ban on Islamic veils worn by public servants while on duty.
Tunisia 2019-07-05
  • Ban on face coverings in public services.
Turkey 1923
[Repealed: 2013]
  • Ban on religious symbols worn by public servants while on duty.
  • The ban applied to all veils, including the hijab, i.e. not just those which cover
    the face.
  • The repeal applied to the hijab, but the ban remained in effect in the judiciary,
    military and police.
  • The repeal was extended to the police in August 2016, so policewomen may now wear
    the hijab.
United States of America 1837
[Repealed: 2019]
  • Ban on head coverings worn by members in the legislative assembly.
  • The repeal was announced in late 2018 and is expected to become effective in 2019.
United States of America
[Nebraska]		 1919
[Repealed: 2017]
  • Ban on religious symbols in public schools.
United States of America
[Pennsylvania]		 1895
  • Ban on religious symbols in public schools.
  • It is expected that the ban will be repealed very soon.

References

  1. 20 Minutes avec AFP, Egypte : Le port du niqab interdit pour les enseignantes de l’université du Caire [19]
  2. Agence France-Presse, Dutch approve partial ban on burqa wearing in public [28]
  3. Agence France-Presse, Full veil banned in Niger over Boko Haram fears [29]
  4. Agence France-Presse, Genève interdit aux employés publics de porter des signes religieux [36]
  5. AFP, Pays-Bas: début de l’interdiction de la burqa dans les espaces publics [27]
  6. Agence France-Presse, Le voile bientôt banni de l’école en Autriche [4]
  7. Agence France-Presse, Le voile désormais autorisé dans le Congrès américain [42]
  8. Agence France-Presse, Stockholm, Le voile intégral interdit dans l’espace public au Danemark [18]
  9. AFP, La Suisse adopte l’initiative anti-burqa d’une courte majorité [35]
  10. Agerholm, Harriet, Morocco bans burqa over security concerns [25]
  11. AlgerieMondeInfos, Maroc : interdiction de la fabrication, la vente et le port de la burqa [26]
  12. ATS, St-Gall devient le deuxième canton à interdire la burqa [37]
  13. Ayoye Monde, L’Égypte songe maintenant bannir la burqa [44]
  14. Baele, Myriam, La Ville de Bruxelles rappelle l’interdiction du voile pour les sorties scolaires [8]
  15. BBC, The Islamic veil across Europe [17]
  16. Blair, David, Why West Africa’s Muslim-majority states are banning the burqa [30]
  17. Canada, Parlement, Le maintien de l’ordre et le décorum [45]
  18. Canada, Parliament, Rules of Order and Decorum [46]
  19. CNEWS, L’Égypte veut interdire le niqab dans les lieux publics [47]
  20. Dearden, Lizzie, Austrian parliament passes burqa ban seeing Muslim women face £130 fines for wearing full-face veils [48]
  21. Dearden, Lizzie, Burqa bans: After Angela Merkel calls for prohibition on full veils, what is the situation in other European countries? [49]
  22. Dearden, Lizzie, China bans burqas and ‘abnormal’ beards in Muslim province of Xinjiang [16]
  23. Dearden, Lizzie, German parliament votes in favour of partial burqa ban [21]
  24. Dearden, Lizzie, German state bans burqa in schools and government buildings as part of ‘Christian values’ [50]
  25. Deutsche Welle, German state bans burqas, niqabs in schools [22]
  26. Deutsche Welle, Kiel University bans full-face veil in classrooms [24]
  27. Devaney, Beulah Maud, Listen to what Muslim women in the Netherlands say about the Dutch burqa ban and you’ll realise why it won’t stop radicalisation [51]
  28. [other], ECOWAS LEADERS SEEK TO BAN WEARING OF HIJABS (FULL FACE VEILS) [31]
  29. Éditeur officiel du Québec, Loi sur la laïcité de l’État [14]
  30. Evans, Stephen, Do Burqa Bans Do More Harm Than Good? [52]
  31. The Express Tribune, Burqas distributed among schoolgirls in K-P [53]
  32. E. Brl., Boussu: les signes religieux clairement interdits dans les écoles communales de l’entité [7]
  33. Foster, Alice, Where in the world are the burka and niqab banned? [6]
  34. franceinfo avec Reuters, La Tunisie interdit le port du niqab dans les établissements publics [39]
  35. Gagné, Jean-Simon, Port de signes religieux: la carte des interdictions européennes [10]
  36. Govan, Fiona, Spain overturns Islamic face veil ban [32]
  37. HuffPost Algérie, Le directeur général des douanes rappelle que le port du voile est interdit selon la réglementation en vigueur [54]
  38. Huffpost Tunisie, La présidence du gouvernement interdit l’entrée aux bâtiments publics aux personnes dont le visage serait couvert [55]
  39. Johnson, Boris, Denmark has got it wrong. Yes, the burka is oppressive and ridiculous – but that’s still no reason to ban it [56]
  40. Karunatilake, Waruna, Sri Lanka to ban burqa, shut many Islamic schools, minister says [33]
  41. K.F., Signes religieux dans l’administration : Molenbeek va modifier son règlement de travail [57]
  42. Klijnman, Carline, Islamic Veil and Distribution of Quran Banned in Austria [3]
  43. Krasimirov, Angel, Bulgaria bans full-face veils in public places [11]
  44. Le Figaro avec AFP, Un employeur peut interdire le port du voile au travail, selon l’avocat général de la CJUE [58]
  45. Le Monde avec AFP, La justice allemande valide l’interdiction du voile pour les juristes en audience [23]
  46. Maithripala Sirisena, Sri Lanka bans any form of face covering that will hinder the identification of a person under emergency regulations. [34]
  47. Makedhi, Madjid, Interdiction du niqab à l’école [1]
  48. Magazine Marianne, Interdiction de la burqa dans des espaces publics : les Pays-Bas s’y mettent [59]
  49. Namazie, Maryam, Britain should ban the niqab [60]
  50. Namazie, Maryam, Neither Veil nor Submission [61]
  51. ng/amp, German court: Sikhs have to wear helmets on motorbikes [62]
  52. Oltermann, Philip, Austria approves headscarf ban in primary schools [5]
  53. Ouest-France avec AFP, Sénégal. Une école catholique refuse d’admettre des élèves voilées lors de la rentrée [63]
  54. Québec Official Publisher, An Act respecting the laicity of the State [15]
  55. Reuters Staff, Barcelona to ban veil in public buildings [64]
  56. RTBF, La ville de Gand supprime l’interdiction du voile pour ses employés [9]
  57. RT France, Le port du voile à l’école bientôt interdit en Belgique ? Ce qu’il en est chez ses voisins (VIDEO) [65]
  58. RT, Interdire la burqa ? Un canton suisse vote massivement pour [38]
  59. RT, Le voile islamique restera finalement autorisé lors des sorties scolaires [20]
  60. Sanghani, Radhika, Burka bans: The countries where Muslim women can’t wear veils [12]
  61. Shérazade, Le gouvernement Algérien interdit le voile intégral « niqab » dans les lieux de travail [2]
  62. Sioui, Marie-Michèle, Québec renonce une fois de plus à défendre sa loi sur la neutralité religieuse [66]
  63. Smith, Roff, Why Turkey Lifted Its Ban on the Islamic Headscarf [40]
  64. Stickings, Tim, EGYPT considers banning the burqa in crackdown against Islamic extremists [67]
  65. Trudel, Pierre, Interdiction du voile jugée valide par la Cour européenne des droits [68]
  66. Vignal, François, Sorties scolaires : le Sénat vote pour l’interdiction du port du voile pour les mères accompagnatrices [69]
  67. Willingham, A. J., New Muslim congresswoman will seek to allow religious headwear in the House [41]
[70] [71]

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URL to article: https://www.atheology.ca/laws-restricting-face-coverings-religious-symbols/

URLs in this post:

[1] Interdiction du niqab à l’école: https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/interdiction-du-niqab-a-lecole-08-09-2018

[2] Le gouvernement Algérien interdit le voile intégral « niqab » dans les lieux de travail: https://observalgerie.com/actualite-algerie/societe/le-gouvernement-algerien-interdit-le-voile-integral-niqab-dans-les-lieux-de-travail/

[3] Islamic Veil and Distribution of Quran Banned in Austria: https://conatusnews.com/islamic-veil-qurans-banned-austria/

[4] Le voile bientôt banni de l’école en Autriche: https://www.lematin.ch/monde/voile-bientot-banni-ecole-autriche/story/18675840

[5] Austria approves headscarf ban in primary schools: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/16/austria-approves-headscarf-ban-in-primary-schools

[6] Where in the world are the burka and niqab banned?: https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/652842/Burka-Niqab-Islamic-Face-veil-Ban-UK-Fine-France-Belgium-Netherlands-Europe-Muslim-dress

[7] Boussu: les signes religieux clairement interdits dans les écoles communales de l’entité: https://www.dhnet.be/regions/mons/borinage/boussu-les-signes-religieux-clairement-interdits-dans-les-ecoles-communales-de-l-entite-5d94a55cf20d5a2781473b36

[8] La Ville de Bruxelles rappelle l’interdiction du voile pour les sorties scolaires: https://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/detail_a-bruxelles-les-mamans-voilees-ne-pourront-plus-encadrer-les-sorties-scolaires?id=9421162

[9] La ville de Gand supprime l’interdiction du voile pour ses employés: https://www.rtbf.be/info/belgique/detail_la-ville-de-gand-supprime-l-interdiction-du-voile-pour-ses-employes

[10] Port de signes religieux: la carte des interdictions européennes: https://www.lesoleil.com/actualite/port-de-signes-religieux-la-carte-des-interdictions-europeennes-79bd8fb654a34c53de7c3e90cbcaf4b7

[11] Bulgaria bans full-face veils in public places: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-burqa-bulgaria/bulgaria-bans-full-face-veils-in-public-places-idUSKCN1201FV

[12] Burka bans: The countries where Muslim women can’t wear veils: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/burka-bans-the-countries-where-muslim-women-cant-wear-veils/

[13] Projet de loi 62. Il faut le répéter : la neutralité religieuse n’est pas la laïcité: https://voir.ca/daniel-baril/2017/08/16/projet-de-loi-62-il-faut-le-repeter-la-neutralite-religieuse-nest-pas-la-laicite/

[14] Loi sur la laïcité de l’État: http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=5&file=2019C12F.PDF

[15] An Act respecting the laicity of the State: http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=5&file=2019C12A.PDF

[16] China bans burqas and ‘abnormal’ beards in Muslim province of Xinjiang: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-burqa-abnormal-beards-ban-muslim-province-xinjiang-veils-province-extremism-crackdown-freedom-a7657826.html

[17] The Islamic veil across Europe: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095

[18] Le voile intégral interdit dans l’espace public au Danemark: http://www.lapresse.ca/international/europe/201805/31/01-5183917-le-voile-integral-interdit-dans-lespace-public-au-danemark.php

[19] Egypte : Le port du niqab interdit pour les enseignantes de l’université du Caire: https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/2704891-20200127-egypte-port-niqab-interdit-enseignantes-universite-caire

[20] Le voile islamique restera finalement autorisé lors des sorties scolaires: https://francais.rt.com/france/62947-voile-islamique-sera-finalement-autorise-lors-sorties-scolaires

[21] German parliament votes in favour of partial burqa ban: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germany-burqa-ban-law-vote-favour-angela-merkel-islam-muslim-civil-servants-judges-military-a7706781.html

[22] German state bans burqas, niqabs in schools: https://www.dw.com/en/german-state-bans-burqas-niqabs-in-schools/a-54256541

[23] La justice allemande valide l’interdiction du voile pour les juristes en audience: https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/02/27/la-justice-allemande-valide-l-interdiction-du-voile-pour-les-juristes-en-audience_6031037_3210.html

[24] Kiel University bans full-face veil in classrooms: https://www.dw.com/en/kiel-university-bans-full-face-veil-in-classrooms/a-47504503

[25] Morocco bans burqa over security concerns: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/morocco-bans-burqa-security-fears-bandit-a7520156.html

[26] Maroc : interdiction de la fabrication, la vente et le port de la burqa: https://www.algeriemondeinfos.com/2018/10/28/maroc-interdiction-de-fabrication-vente-port-de-burqa/

[27] Pays-Bas: début de l’interdiction de la burqa dans les espaces publics: https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2019/08/01/pays-bas-debut-de-linterdiction-de-la-burqa-dans-les-espaces-publics

[28] Dutch approve partial ban on burqa wearing in public: https://www.yahoo.com/news/dutch-approve-partial-ban-burqa-wearing-public-161916518.html

[29] Full veil banned in Niger over Boko Haram fears: https://mg.co.za/article/2015-07-30-full-veil-banned-in-key-niger-region-over-boko-haram-fears

[30] Why West Africa’s Muslim-majority states are banning the burqa: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/02/west-african-states-with-181-million-muslims-support-banning-the/

[31] Ecowas Leaders Seek to Ban Wearing of Hijabs (Full Face Veils): http://africansuntimes.com/2015/12/ecowas-leaders-seek-to-ban-wearing-of-hijabs-full-face-veils/

[32] Spain overturns Islamic face veil ban: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/9902827/Spain-overturns-Islamic-face-veil-ban.html

[33] Sri Lanka to ban burqa, shut many Islamic schools, minister says: https://www.reuters.com/article/sri-lanka-islam/sri-lanka-to-ban-burqa-shut-many-islamic-schools-minister-says-idUSKBN2B508O

[34] Sri Lanka bans any form of face covering that will hinder the identification of a person under emergency regulations.: https://twitter.com/AdityaRajKaul/status/1122547539704598528/photo/1

[35] La Suisse adopte l’initiative anti-burqa d’une courte majorité: https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/la-suisse-vote-sur-l-initiative-anti-burqa-07-03-2021-2416689_24.php

[36] Genève interdit aux employés publics de porter des signes religieux: https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2019/02/10/geneve-interdit-aux-employes-publics-de-porter-des-signes-religieux

[37] St-Gall devient le deuxième canton à interdire la burqa: https://www.lenouvelliste.ch/articles/suisse/st-gall-devient-le-deuxieme-canton-a-interdire-la-burqa-786560

[38] Interdire la burqa ? Un canton suisse vote massivement pour: https://francais.rt.com/international/54111-interdire-burqa-canton-suisse-vote-massivement-pour

[39] La Tunisie interdit le port du niqab dans les établissements publics: https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/tunisie/la-tunisie-interdit-le-port-du-niqab-dans-les-etablissements-publics_3522849.html

[40] Why Turkey Lifted Its Ban on the Islamic Headscarf: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131011-hijab-ban-turkey-islamic-headscarf-ataturk/

[41] New Muslim congresswoman will seek to allow religious headwear in the House: https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/19/politics/ilhan-omar-hijab-scarf-muslim-headwear-minnesota-representative-trnd/index.html

[42] Le voile désormais autorisé dans le Congrès américain: https://www.lapresse.ca/international/etats-unis/201811/19/01-5204823-le-voile-desormais-autorise-dans-le-congres-americain.php

[43] Quebec’s Secularism Bill: https://thehumanist.com/voices/rules_are_for_schmucks/rules-are-for-schmucks-quebecs-secularism-bill

[44] L’Égypte songe maintenant bannir la burqa: https://www.ayoyemonde.com/nouvelles/l-egypte-songe-maintenant-bannir-la-burqa

[45] Le maintien de l’ordre et le décorum: https://www.noscommunes.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch13&Seq=3&Language=F

[46] Rules of Order and Decorum: https://www.ourcommons.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Sec=Ch13&Seq=3&Language=E

[47] L’Égypte veut interdire le niqab dans les lieux publics: https://www.cnews.fr/monde/2016-03-09/legypte-veut-interdire-le-niqab-dans-les-lieux-publics-724574

[48] Austrian parliament passes burqa ban seeing Muslim women face £130 fines for wearing full-face veils: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/austria-burqa-ban-parliament-fines-150-full-face-veils-muslim-islam-niqabs-public-transport-a7742981.html

[49] Burqa bans: After Angela Merkel calls for prohibition on full veils, what is the situation in other European countries?: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/burqa-ban-niqab-veil-law-netherlands-france-uk-britain-germany-spain-belgium-bulgaria-switzerland-a7446246.html

[50] German state bans burqa in schools and government buildings as part of ‘Christian values’: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germany-burqa-ban-bavaria-veils-niqab-places-angela-merkel-joachim-herrmann-schools-universities-a7594026.html

[51] Listen to what Muslim women in the Netherlands say about the Dutch burqa ban and you’ll realise why it won’t stop radicalisation: http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/burqa-ban-muslim-women-islam-dutch-netherlands-headscarf-veils-combat-terrorism-radicalisation-a7447646.html

[52] Do Burqa Bans Do More Harm Than Good?: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/burqa-bans-do-more-harm-than-good_uk_5b62e265e4b08c2f0a5e1073

[53] Burqas distributed among schoolgirls in K-P: https://tribune.com.pk/story/2072431/1-burqas-distributed-among-schoolgirls-k-p/

[54] Le directeur général des douanes rappelle que le port du voile est interdit selon la réglementation en vigueur: https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/11/11/douanes-voile-interdit_n_6138200.html

[55] La présidence du gouvernement interdit l’entrée aux bâtiments publics aux personnes dont le visage serait couvert: https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-presidence-du-gouvernement-interdit-lentree-aux-batiments-publics-aux-personnes-dont-le-visage-serait-couvert_mg_5d1f49dce4b04c48141261a9

[56] Denmark has got it wrong. Yes, the burka is oppressive and ridiculous – but that’s still no reason to ban it: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/05/denmark-has-got-wrong-yes-burka-oppressive-ridiculous-still/

[57] Signes religieux dans l’administration : Molenbeek va modifier son règlement de travail: https://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/detail_signes-religieux-dans-l-administration-molenbeek-va-modifier-son-reglement-de-travail

[58] Un employeur peut interdire le port du voile au travail, selon l’avocat général de la CJUE: https://www.lefigaro.fr/societes/un-employeur-peut-interdire-le-port-du-voile-au-travail-selon-l-avocat-general-de-la-cjue-20210225

[59] Interdiction de la burqa dans des espaces publics : les Pays-Bas s’y mettent: https://www.marianne.net/monde/voile-interdiction-burqa-espace-public-pays-bas

[60] Britain should ban the niqab: http://maryamnamazie.com/britain-should-ban-niqab/

[61] Neither Veil nor Submission: http://www.fitnah.org/eng/neither-veil-submission/

[62] German court: Sikhs have to wear helmets on motorbikes: https://www.dw.com/en/german-court-sikhs-have-to-wear-helmets-on-motorbikes/a-49475615

[63] Sénégal. Une école catholique refuse d’admettre des élèves voilées lors de la rentrée: https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/senegal/senegal-une-ecole-catholique-refuse-d-admettre-des-eleves-voilees-lors-de-la-rentree-6504951

[64] Barcelona to ban veil in public buildings: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-veil/barcelona-to-ban-veil-in-public-buildings-idUSTRE65D4K620100614

[65] Le port du voile à l’école bientôt interdit en Belgique ? Ce qu’il en est chez ses voisins (VIDEO): https://francais.rt.com/international/53569-port-voile-ecole-bientot-interdit-belgique

[66] Québec renonce une fois de plus à défendre sa loi sur la neutralité religieuse: https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/534329/quebec-renonce-une-fois-de-plus-a-defendre-sa-loi-sur-la-neutralite-religieuse

[67] EGYPT considers banning the burqa in crackdown against Islamic extremists: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6366629/EGYPT-considers-banning-burqa-crackdown-against-Islamic-extremists.html

[68] Interdiction du voile jugée valide par la Cour européenne des droits: https://www.journaldequebec.com/2015/11/26/interdiction-du-voile-jugee-valide-par-la-cour-europeenne-des-droits

[69] Sorties scolaires : le Sénat vote pour l’interdiction du port du voile pour les mères accompagnatrices: https://www.publicsenat.fr/article/parlementaire/sorties-scolaires-le-senat-vote-pour-l-interdiction-du-port-du-voile-pour-les

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